Orthopedics Explained: Table of Contents

Lesson A:  Basic anatomy and structures

This presentation discusses basic terminology and anatomic structures in orthopedics.

a. Etymology, vocabulary
b. Bone-Structure and function
c. Joint-Structure and function
d. Cartilage structure and physiology
e. Muscle-Structure and function
f. Tendon-Structure and function
g. Ligaments-Structure and function
h. Nerve-Structure and function
i. Fasia-Structure
j. Cerebrospinal fluid

Lesson B: Orthopedic Emergencies

This presentation defines what is an emergency and discusses the 4 classic orthopedic emergencies.

a. What is an emergency?
b. Hip dislocation
c. Cauda equina syndrome
d. Compartment syndrome
e. Necrotizing fasciitis

Lesson C:  Fracture Basics and Principles

This presentation discusses basic bone anatomy, types of fractures and treatment fundamentals.

a. X-ray description
b. Bone Parts
c. Fracture patterns and displacements
d. Fracture classifications
e. History and physical criteria
f. Cast versus surgical fixation
g. Surgical treatment options

Lesson D: Fracture healing and nonunion

This presentation discusses fractures, fracture healing, problems with fracture healing and treatment.

a. Stages of fracture healing
b. Nonunion-risk factors
c. Treatment-Surgical and nonsurgical treatment

Lesson G: Pain & Complex Regional Pain Syndrome

This presentation defines pain, discusses the physiology of pain and chronic pain syndromes, and describes the diagnosis and treatment of complex regional pain syndromes.

a. Pain anatomy and physiology
b. Chronic pain-risk factors and treatment
c. Nonphysiologic pain and factitious disorders
d. The use of pain diagrams
e. Complex Regional Pain Syndrome-Diagnosis and treatment

Lesson E: Common fractures of the shoulder and elbow

This presentation discusses fractures and their treatment from the collarbone to the forearm. Dislocations of the shoulder and elbow are discussed in the “Upper extremity dislocation” presentation.

a. Clavicle fractures-operative versus nonoperative treatment
b. Proximal humerus fractures- operative versus nonoperative treatment
c. Humerus shaft fractures-operative versus nonoperative treatment
d. Distal humerus fractures-operative versus nonoperative treatment
e. Elbow fractures-operative versus nonoperative treatment
f. Olecranon fractures-operative versus nonoperative treatment
g. Forearm fractures-operative versus nonoperative treatment

Lesson E: Common fractures of the wrist and hand

This presentation discusses fractures and their treatment of the wrist and hand. Dislocations of the wrist and hand are discussed in the “Upper extremity dislocation” presentation.

a. Distal radius fractures-Colles’, Smith’s Barton’s fractures-operative versus nonoperative treatment
b. Scaphoid-fracture treatment and treatment of nonunions
c. Thumb fractures-Bennett’s and Rolando’s fractures
d. Metacarpal fractures-operative versus nonoperative treatment
e. Phalanx fractures-operative versus nonoperative treatment

Lesson F: Common fractures of the hip, knee, and tibia

This presentation discusses fractures and their treatment from hip to the shin. Dislocations of the hip, knee and ankle are discussed in the “Lower extremity dislocations” presentation.

a. Femoral neck fractures-open reduction versus prosthesis
b. Intertrochanteric femur fractures-classification and treatment with plate versus trochanteric fixation nail
c. Subtrochanteric femur fractures
d. Femoral shaft fractures-Classification and treatment with Intramedullary nail versus plate
e. Distal femur fractures-intramedullary nail versus plate
f. Patella fractures
g. Proximal tibia fractures
h. Tibial shaft fractures-Treatment with intramedullary rod versus plating
i. Lower extremity fracture complications

Lesson F: fractures of the ankle and foot

This presentation discusses fractures of the ankle and foot and their treatment. Dislocations of the foot and ankle are discussed in the “Lower extremity dislocations” presentation.

a. Ankle fractures-classification and operative versus nonoperative treatment
b. Pilon fractures-Treatment and complications
c. Tarsal fractures- talus neck and Lisfranc injuries
d. Talus-osteochondral fractures
e. Calcaneus fractures-operative versus nonoperative treatment and complications
f. Metatarsal fractures-Shaft and Jones fractures
g. Toe fractures

Lesson G: Pain & CRPS

Lesson H: Fractures spine, pelvis and acetabulum

This presentation discusses fractures of the spine, pelvis and acetabulum and their treatment. This presentation does NOT include neck or low back pain.

a. Spine-normal anatomy, and radiology
b. Spine-fracture classification
c. Spine-compression fractures
d. Odontoid fractures
e. Spine fractures-with extension versus flexion to do mechanisms
f. Spondylolysis versus spondylolisthesis
g. Spinal fusion versus artificial disk
h. Pelvis fracture classification.
i. Pelvis fracture-evaluation and initial treatment
j. Pelvis fracture-surgical treatment
k. Acetabulum fractures-classification and treatment

Lesson I:  Fractures-Stress, Open & Pathological

This presentation discusses fractures and their treatment that are NOT caused by trauma.

a. Stress fractures-demographics, diagnosis, clinical findings, and treatment
b. Open fractures- Gustilo classification and treatment
c. Pathological fractures-osteoporosis and tumor

Lesson J:

Lesson K: Upper Extremity Dislocations

This presentation discusses dislocations from the collarbone to the hand and their treatment .

a. Dislocations-Shoulder-Anterior, Posterior & Surgery
b. Dislocations-Acromio-Clavicular & Surgery
c. Dislocations- Sternoclavicular
d. Dislocations-Elbow “Terrible Triad” & “Tommy John” Injuries & Surgery
e. Dislocations-Wrist and Carpal & Surgery
f. Dislocations-Finger

Lesson L: Lower Extremity Dislocations

This presentation discusses dislocations from the hip to the foot and their treatment .

a. Ankle-Sprains & Dislocations
b. “High“ ankle sprains
c. Dislocations-Hip
d. Dislocations-Knee
e. Dislocations-Foot
f. Dislocations-Forefoot

Lesson M: Arthritis Surgery: Knee

This presentation discusses the treatment of knee arthritis with arthroscopy, open surgery and prosthetic replacement as well as complications and survival of prosthetic replacement.

a. Fallacies about knee arthritis
b. Prevalence of degenerative changes in the asymptomatic population
c. Nonoperative treatment of arthritis
d. Surgical procedures for arthritis of the knee
e. Arthrodesis (knee fusion)
f. Arthroscopy does not work for arthritis!
g. Arthroscopic meniscectomy and ACL reconstruction
h. High tibial osteotomy
i. Knee arthroplasties: Total knee arthroplasty, unicompartmental arthroplasty, and patellofemoral arthroplasty
j. Total knee complications: loosening, fractures, medical complications, infection, wound healing and polyethylene wear
k. Risk factors for revision & how long should TKA’s last?

Lesson N: Arthritis Surgery: Hip

This presentation discusses the treatment of hip arthritis with open surgery and prosthetic replacement as well as complications and survival of prosthetic replacements.

a. Principles of hip arthritis surgery
b. Open reduction of fractures
c. Osteotomy
d. Arthrodesis/Fusion
e. Excisional arthroplasty
f. Total hip Arthroplasty
g. Total hip complications: risk factors and infection, dislocation, nerve injury, leg length discrepancy
h. Risk factors for revision & how long should THA’s last?

Lesson O: Knee Injuries

This presentation discusses the anatomy, biomechanics, physiology of knee ligament injuries, meniscus tears, patellar problems and their treatment.

a. Normal knee anatomy
b. Knee biomechanics
c. Ligament-classification, physiology, biomechanics, and injuries
d. Meniscus-classification, physiology, biomechanics, and injuries
e. Patella-Tracking disorders, and instability
f. Patella articular cartilage defect repair
g. Patella fractures and tendon disruptions
h. Loose bodies, osteochondritis dissecans, foreign bodies in the knee

Lesson P: Arthroscopy of the upper extremity

This presentation discusses the history and equipment of arthroscopy and the arthroscopic treatment of injuries of the upper extremity.

a. History of arthroscopy
b. Shoulder-Normal anatomy, biomechanics, SLAP lesions, Impingement Syndromes, Rotator Cuff Tendinitis, Tears & Problems, Biceps injuries, Dislocations,
c. Elbow-Arthroscopic removal of loose bodies and arthritis
d. Wrist-triangular fibrocartilage injuries and repair

Lesson Q: Arthroscopy of the lower extremity

This presentation discusses the history and equipment of arthroscopy and the arthroscopic treatment of injuries of the lower extremity.

a. The history of arthroscopy
b. Knee-normal anatomy and biomechanics, acute hemarthrosis, ligament injuries, meniscal injuries and repair, arthroscopy for degenerative conditions, patella arthritis, loose and foreign bodies
c. Hip-Greater trochanteric pain syndrome, Piriformis syndrome, labral tears, femoral acetabular insufficiency
d. Ankle-Synovitis and osteochondral defects, Anterior ankle impingement

Lesson R: Neck pain

This presentation defines the problem of neck pain and discusses its anatomy, physiology, and injuries. Spine fractures are discussed in the “Fractures of the spine, pelvis, and acetabulum” presentation.

a. Neck pain incidence in the general population.
b. Spine anatomy-muscles, bones, discs, nerves
c. Herniated disc-classification and anatomy
d. Flexion injuries-whiplash, biomechanics and physiology
e. Extension injuries-rear end collisions, biomechanics and physiology
f. Spine fractures
g. Scientific literature regarding neck injuries

Lesson S: Low back pain

This presentation defines the problem of low back pain and discusses its anatomy, physiology, and injuries. Spine fractures are discussed in the “Fractures of the spine, pelvis, and acetabulum” presentation.

a. Neck pain incidence in the general population.
b. Spine anatomy-muscles, bones, discs, nerves
c. Lifting biomechanics
d. Herniated disc-classification and anatomy
e. Scientific literature-risk factors for low back pain
f. Scientific literature-MRI abnormalities in asymptomatic patients
g. Spinal injections
h. Chiropractic care
i. Herniated disks-Anatomy, imaging, physiology, and pain
j. Treatment of herniated disks-operative versus nonoperative
k. Degenerative disc disease and spinal stenosis
l. Spondylolisthesis
m. Piriformis syndrome
n. Scoliosis

Lesson T: Upper extremity problems-non-fracture & non-dislocation

This presentation describes the NON-fracture and NON-dislocation problems and injuries of the upper extremity.

a. Shoulder-Normal anatomy and biomechanics, SLAP lesions, Impingement Syndromes, Rotator Cuff Tendinitis-Tears & Problems, AC joint instability and arthritis, glenohumeral arthritis, frozen shoulder, Biceps injuries, Dislocations,
b. Elbow-Tennis & Bowler’s elbow-operative versus nonoperative treatment, Ulnar collateral ligament injury (Tommy John injury)-diagnosis and treatment, Loose bodies, heterotopic ossification, fibroarthrosis of the elbow, Total elbow arthroplasty.

Lesson U: The Scientific Literature, Medicolegal and Workman’s Compensation
a. Statistics
b. Different types of scientific literature and literature
c. The history of workman’s compensation and social programs
d. The AMA Guides and their use in medicine and the law
e. Compensation under the law

Lesson V: Myths & Misconceptions-Cervical Spine
a. Return to work is not affected by compensation
b. Cervical spine sprains are common in low speed collisions
c. Cervical spine sprains have a poor prognosis
d. Cervical spine sprains require aggressive treatment
e. Many common activities and occupations cause neck pain

Lesson W: Myths & Misconceptions-Lumbar Spine
a. Return to work is not affected by compensation
b. Many common activities and occupations cause low back pain
c. The incidence and treatment of herniated disks
d. The cause and treatment of degenerative disk disease

Lesson X: Myths & Misconceptions-Upper Extremity
a. Cause and treatment of carpal tunnel syndromes
b. Cause and treatment of rotatord cuff tears
c. Appropriateness of surgery for rotator cuff tears
d. Appropriateness of surgery for distal radius (Colles) fractures

Lesson Y: Myths & Misconceptions-Lower Extremity
a. Causes of arthritis
b. How long do total hip and knee arthroplasties las?
c. Treatment of anterior cruciate ligament tears
d. Treatment of degenerative meniscus tears
e. The use of arthroscopy for arthritis